SPEECH, LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
GIVING CHILDREN THE BEST POSSIBLE START IN LIFE
NHS EDUCATION FOR SCOTLAND
WHAT ARE SPEECH, LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION NEEDS?
Speech, language and communication needs (SLCN) is an umbrella term. Children with SLCN may have difficulty with many aspects of communication. These can include difficulties with fluency, forming sounds and words, formulating sentences, understanding what others say and using language socially.
Speech, Language and Communication Needs can occur in childhood as primary difficulties with speech, language and communication or secondary to other developmental conditions such as autism. In some cases the cause of a child’s SLCN is unknown.
SLCN are some of the most common childhood disabilities.
PERSISTENT SLCN
7% of children aged about five years have specific speech, language and communication impairment and a further 1.8% have SLCN linked to other conditions, such as learning disability, cerebral palsy and autism spectrum disorders.
IN TOTAL
DELAYED LANGUAGE
There is a group of children who are starting school with SLCN who have poor or delayed language skills. These children may have a small vocabulary, be just starting to join words together, find it hard to listen and may sound like a much younger child. With the right support, they may catch up with their peers. In some areas, particularly areas of social disadvantage, this group may be up to 50% of children.
UP TO
OF CHILDREN
UNTREATED SLCN
Speech, language and communication needs can have a direct impact on children’s development and educational outcomes, health and wellbeing. If left unaddressed, they can adversely affect children across their life span. For example, as many as 60% of young offenders and 88% of long-term unemployed young men have been found to have SLCN. (Bryan et al 2009).
YOUNG
OFFENDERS
ATTENTION AND LISTENING
Children may have difficulties sharing their attention with others or listening to what has been said to them. They may struggle to concentrate on a game or activity for even a short period of time, flitting from one task to another without completing anything.
PLAY AND INTERACTION
Children may have difficulty interacting with others or with social communication skills. They may struggle to use their language skills effectively to have conversations, play and interact socially with others. This can include poor eye-contact, difficulties taking turns in a conversation, difficulties keeping to the topic of conversation and showing awareness of the listener.
RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE
Children may struggle to understand and make sense of words that they hear. They may struggle to follow instructions and make sense of the language they hear around them.
EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE
Children may find it difficult to express their ideas, wants or feelings. They may have a small vocabulary for their age or have difficulty building up sentences and using correct grammar.
SPEECH
Children may have speech which is difficult to understand which might include difficulty in making different sounds. They may have difficulty discriminating between speech sounds.
FLUENCY
Stammering or stuttering where sounds or words are repeated or may be difficult to produce without effort. Children might have hesitations in their speech and may prolong or repeat sounds and parts of words or sentences. They may struggle to get their words out at all. Stammering can emerge at any childhood stage, but most commonly between the ages of 2 and 5 years.
VOICE
Voice problems i.e. hoarse voice or persistent voice loss. An unusual and persistently harsh or unusal voice quality.
RESOURCES
FOR PROFESSIONALS
Early Support: Information about Speech, Language and Communication Needs
FOR PARENTS
Early Support: Information for parents: Speech and Language Difficulties
REFERENCES
Bryan K, Freer J, Furlong C. Language and communication difficulties in juvenile offenders. International Journal of Language and Communication Difficulties, 2007; 42, 505-5
Elliott N. (2009). An Investigation into the Communication Skills of Long-Term Unemployed Young Men. University of Glamorgan.
Locke A., Ginsborg J., Peers I. 2002. Development and disadvantage: implications for the early years and beyond. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 37 (1), pp. 3-15.
Royal Society of Speech and Language Therapists. What is speech therapy?
NHS Education for Scotland
102 Westport
Edinburgh
EH3 9DN
www.nes.scot.nhs.uk
OTHER LINKS
© NHS Education for Scotland 2018. You can copy or reproduce the information in this document for use within NHSScotland and for non-commercial educational purposes. Use of this document for commercial purposes is permitted only with the written permission of NES.